PUBH 8035 Module 7 Final Exam

(PUBH 8035 Module 7 Final Exam)

1. Question: If the incidence rate of a very serious disease is 25/100,000 person-years and the prevalence of this disease in the population is 75/100,000, what is the average survival time of individuals who contract this disease?
2. Question: A report of a clinical trial of a new drug versus a placebo … that the new drug gave a higher proportion of successes than did the placebo (70% versus 40%). The report … with the statement that the p value … with this finding was equal to 0.05. This means that 5 out of 100 patients did not benefit from the new drug.
3. Question: When a new prevention measure for a disease is … , both the incidence and prevalence of the disease will decrease over the long term.
4. Question: What can randomization do that no other method to control confounding can do?
5. Question: If an exposure has no association with an outcome, then the attributable proportion in the … is 1
6. Question: A cohort study of coffee drinking and anxiety was … at a university campus. There were a total of 30,000 freshmen who participated. 10,000 were coffee drinkers and 20,000 were Of the coffee drinkers, 500 … anxiety during the 4 year follow-up period. Of the non-coffee drinkers, 200 … anxiety during the same time period. Assume that no one in the population … or was lost during the follow- up period. Calculate the risk difference using the given data. The numeric value of the risk difference is…
7. Question: Consider the situation in a cohort study where the crude risk ratio is 2.5. The data are then … into two In the first group the group-specific risk ratio is 1.0, and the second group’s risk ratio is 4.0. Which of the following is present?
8. Question: If an exposure has no association with an outcome, then the odds ratio will …
9. Question: Suppose that a study on obesity and cancer … the following statement: Many epidemiological studies … in the U.S. and abroad have also found that a high body mass index increases the risk of cancer mortality. Which one of Hill’s guidelines for assessing causation is … by this statement?
10. Question: A cohort study of coffee drinking and anxiety was …d at a university campus. There were a total of 30,000 freshmen who … 10,000 were coffee drinkers and 20,000 were not. Of the coffee drinkers, 500 … anxiety during the 4 year follow-up period. Of the non-coffee drinkers, 200 … anxiety during the same time period. Assume that no one in the population … or was lost during the follow- up period. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of a risk ratio … from this study?
11. Question: In January, 2001 forty heterosexual hemophiliac patients (all males) were … to participate in a 3 year prospective study . The men were to undergo an interview, physical examination, and blood testing for HIV status every 6 months for 3 years. Among the 40 subjects there were 30 who were seronegative and healthy for the entire duration of the study, and all of these were … for the entire 3 years. During the initial screening, 2 of the men were found to already … HIV+, although none of them had clinical signs of AIDS. The table below describes the 10 subjects who either… HIV positive, or became lost to follow-up, or already were HIV positive at the start of the study.
12. Question: Use your knowledge of the sufficient-component causal model to choose the best answer to complete this sentence: Blocking the action of a                                 cause will prevent all cases of disease by all causal mechanisms.
13. Question: A case-control study was … to evaluate the relationship between aspirin use and the risk of colon 2,000 cases and 2,000 controls were … in the study. 1,800 of the cases … using aspirin in the past while 1,200 of the controls … using aspirin in the past. What measure of association should … calculated to determine the strength of the relationship between aspirin and colon cancer?
14. Question: In January, 2001 forty heterosexual hemophiliac patients (all males) were … to participate in a 3 year prospective study . The men were to undergo an interview, physical examination, and blood testing for HIV status every 6 months for 3 years. Among the 40 subjects there were 30 who were seronegative and healthy for the entire duration of the study, and all of these were … for the entire 3 years. During the initial screening, 2 of the men were found to already … HIV+, although none of them had clinical signs of AIDS. The table below describes the 10 subjects who either … HIV positive, or became lost to follow-up, or already were HIV positive at the start of the study.
15. Question: Information bias occurs.
16. Question: Which of the following depends on the rate at which new cases develop as well as the duration that the cases have the disease?
17. Question: A study … 900,000 US adults from 1992 to 2008. At baseline, all participants were … and  … cancer free and their body mass index (BMI) was …. Body mass index is a measure of obesity that is … using a person’s height and weight. Subjects were … into the following groups according to their BMI: (a) normal weight, (b) slightly overweight, (c) moderately overweight and (d) greatly overweight. 57,145 deaths from cancer … in the population during the follow-up period. The following results were seen for men and women when the heaviest members of the cohort were … to those with normal weight:
18. Question: A study … 900,000 US adults from 1992 to 2008. At baseline, all participants were … and determined to … cancer free and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body mass index is a measure of obesity that is … using a person’s height and weight. Subjects were … into the following groups according to their BMI: (a) normal weight, (b) slightly overweight, (c) moderately overweight and (d) greatly overweight. 57,145 deaths from cancer … in the population during the follow-up period. What type of study is this?
19. Question: Cigarette smoking is a of lung
20. Question: Suppose that your company has just …d a new screening test for a disease and you are in charge of testing its validity and You decide to evaluate the test on 1000 individuals and compare the results of the new test to the gold standard. You know the prevalence of disease in your population is 30%. The screening test gave a positive result for 292 individuals. 285 of these individuals actually had the disease on the basis of the gold standard determination. Calculate the predictive value of a positive test:
21. Question: Which measure of disease frequency best describes the following: the percentage of nursing home residents who have bed sores on July 1, 2012.
22. Question: A cohort study of coffee drinking and anxiety was … at a university campus. There were a total of 30,000 freshmen who participated. 10,000 were coffee drinkers and 20,000 were not. Of the coffee drinkers, 500 …d anxiety during the 4 year follow-up period. Of the non-coffee drinkers, 200 … anxiety during the same time period. Assume that no one in the population … or was lost during the follow- up period. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the population risk difference … from this study?
23. Question: A … experimental study was … to evaluate the effectiveness of a new pertussis vaccine. One thousand healthy children were … to receive either the new vaccine (500 children) or the old vaccine (500 children). The children were … for two years to monitor the incidence of pertussis. At the end of the study, the risk ratio for developing pertussis was 0.5 among the children who … the new vaccine compared to children who … the old vaccine. The 95% confidence interval for this relative risk was 0.2-0.8 and the p value was 0.01. State in words your interpretation of the risk ratio.
24. Question: A cohort study of coffee drinking and anxiety was … at a university campus. There were a total of 30,000 freshmen who participated. 10,000 were coffee drinkers and 20,000 were not. Of the coffee drinkers, 500… anxiety during the 4 year follow-up period. Of the non-coffee drinkers, 200 … anxiety during the same time period. Assume that no one in the population died or was lost during the follow- up period. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of a risk difference … from this study?
25. Question: Which measure of association is commonly … by public health officials to determine which exposures are most important to the entire population and helps prioritize prevention activities?

(PUBH 8035 Module 7 Final Exam, PUBH 8035 Module 7 Final Exam, PUBH 8035 Module 7 Final Exam, PUBH 8035 Module 7 Final Exam)